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If you do something without doing something else,
the missed action can be
mentioned as ～ない - nai (the short negative present) plus で -
de.
Note that the present tense form ～ない is used for both
the present and past actions. |
| verb X + ないで |
without doing X |
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| ゆうべは、寝ないで、勉強しました。 |
Last night I studied without getting any sleep. |
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yuube-wa, nenai-de, benkyoo-shimashita. |
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| 辞書を使わないで、新聞を読みます。 |
I read a newspaper without using
dictionaries. |
| jisho-o tsukawanai-de, shinbun yomimasu. |
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