Ni yoreba によれば
Adverbial phrase meaning: according to,
from.
It can be replaced with ni yoru to.
1. After noun
テレビのニュースによれば阿蘇山で大きな噴火があったらしい。
Terebi no nyuusu ni yoreba aso-zan de
ooki-na funka ga atta rashii.
According to the television news, it seems
there was a big eruption at Mt. Aso.
聞くところによれば彼女は結婚するそうです。
Kiku tokoro ni yoreba kanojo wa kekkon suru
sou desu.
From what I´ve heard, she is going to get
married.
天気予報によれば明日は雨です。
Tenki yohou ni yoreba ashita wa ame desu.
According to weather forecast, it will be
rainy tomorrow. |
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Ni yotte によって
Adverbial phrase meaning: by (an agent),
because of, due to, by means of, according
to.
Note that it takes a passive verb. It can be
replaced with the more formal ni yori, and
becomes ni yoru (which does not take a
passive verb) before a noun it modifies.
1. After noun
その小説は夏目漱石によって書かれた。
Sono shousetsu wa natsume souseki ni yotte
kakareta.
The novel was written by Soseki Natsume.
職場での喫煙は規則によって禁止されています。
Shokuba de no kitsuen wa kisoku ni yotte
kinshi sarete imasu.
Smoking at the office is prohibited by
regulation.
試合は大雨によって中止された。
Shiai wa ooame ni yotte chuushi sareta.
The game was called off due to a heavy rain.
デモは武力によって鎮圧された。
Demo wa buryoku ni yotte chin´atsu sareta.
The demonstration was quelled by means of
force.
2. Used in adjectival phrase
彼による話は信じがたい。
Kare ni yoru hanashi wa shinjigatai.
Talk from him is hard to believe. (What he
says is difficult to believe.)
-> See also: de, o toushite, tame ni |
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Ni wa には
Double particle meaning: for ( in regard
to), in order to
It is usually used before a predicate that
expresses state, degree, quality,
evaluation, etc
1. after noun
この服は子供には大きすぎます。
Kono fuku wa kodomo ni wa ookisugimasu.
This dress is too big for my child.
2. after dictionary form of verb
出かけるにはまだ早すぎます。
Dekakeru ni wa mada hayasugimasu.
It is still too early to go out.
外国を旅行するにはたくさんお金がかかる。
Gaikoku o ryokou suru ni wa takusan okane ga
kakaru.
In order to travel abroad it takes a great
deal of money.
このパソコンは持ち運ぶには大変便利です。
Kono pasokon wa mochihakobu ni wa taihen
benri desu.
This personal computer is very handy to
carry.
-> see also: no ni, tame ni, wa |
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No の
Particle meaning: of, at, in, on, to, from,
by, for, one’s.
It also makes adjectivals, indicates
apposition, makes possessive adjectives or
pronouns, nominalizes verbs and adjectives,
and indicates the subject or object in a
relative clause. Note that it comes only
before nouns.
1.After (adjectival) noun
東京は日本の首都です。
Toukyou wa nihon no shuto desu.
Tokyo is the capital of Japan.
これはフランクのカバンとかさです。
Kore wa Furanku no kaban to kasa desu.
These are Frank's bag and umbrella.
テレホンカードは売店の自動販売機で売っています。
Terehon kaado wa baiten no jidou hanbaiki de
utte imasu.
Telephone cards are sold at a vending
machine at the stand.
午後の授業は休みます。
Gogo no jugyou wa yasumimasu.
I will miss my afternoon classes.
日曜日の祭りは延期されました。
Nichiyoubi no matsuri wa enki saremashita.
The festival on Sunday was postponed.
芥川龍之介の小説を読んだことがありますか。
Akutagawa Ryuunosuke no shousetsu o yonda
koto ga arimasu ka.
Have you ever read a novel by Ryunosuke
Akutagawa?
事故で16歳の少年が死にました。
Jiko de juu roku sai no shounen ga
shinimashita.
16-year old boy was killed in the accident.
こちらが友人の田中です。
Kochira ga yuujin no Tanaka desu.
This is my friend Tanaka.
別の靴を見せてください。
Betsu no kutsu o misete kudasai.
Please show me another pair of shoes.
2. after specific now expressing position/
space/ time
(often a noun + no + noun + no pattern)
ポケットの中の財布を盗まれました。
Poketto no naka no saifu o nusumaremashita.
I had the wallet in my pocket stolen.
机の上のカバンは誰のですか。
Tsukue no ue no kaban wa dare no desu ka.
Whose is the bag on the desk?
食事の後のデザートは何にしますか。
Shokuji no ato no dezaato wa nani ni shimasu
ka.
What will you have for dessert after the
meal?
3. After adverbial particle
(E, kara, de, and made are adverbial
particles used before verbs. When a phrase
using one of them is used to modify a noun,
no must be put before the now to link it
with the preceding phrase.)
広島までの往復切符を1枚ください。
Hiroshima made no oufuku kippu o ichi mai
kudasai.
Please give me a round trip ticket to
Hiroshima.
彼女へのプレゼントは何がいいですか。
Kanojo e no purezento wa nani ga ii desu ka.
What is a good present for her?
4.After an adverbial phrase
(like adverbial particles, when an adverbial
phrase is used to modify a noun, no must be
used to link the phrase with the noun.
however, when the phrase Inns in ni, like no
tame ni, the ni is replaced with no.)
その件についてのあなたの意見は極端です。
Sono ken ni tsuite no anata no iken wa
kyokutan desu.
Your opinion concerning that matter is
extreme.
彼らのための援助は全く不要です。
Karera no tame no enjo wa mattaku fuyou desu.
The aid for them is quite unnecessary.
5. after personal pronoun/name
(makes it possessive)
「これはあなたのカバンですか。」「いいえ、マイクのです。」
“Kore wa anata no kaban desu ka.” ”Iie,
Maiku no desu.”
“Is this your bag?” “No, it is Mike's.” |
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6. after interrogative pronoun
( makes it an interrogative adjective)
「これは誰のバイクですか。」「私のです。」
“Kore wa dare no baiku desu ka.” ”Watashi no
desu.”
“Whose motorbike is this?” “It is mine.”
「あれは何の木ですか。」「さくらの木です。」
“Are wa nan no ki desu ka.” ”Sakura no ki
desu.”
“What (kind of) trees are they?” “They are
cherry trees.”
どこの銀行に行けばいいですか。
Doko no ginkou ni ikeba ii desu ka.
Which bank do I need to go to?
7.Used as indefinite pronoun
(after dictionary or ta-form of verb/
adjective)
これが CD で、私が持っているのがレーザーディスクです 。
Kore ga shiidii de, watashi ga motte iru no
ga reezaa disuku desu.
This is a compact disc, and the one I have
is a laser disc.
このカメラは高すぎます。もっと安いのはありませんか。
Kono kamera wa takasugimasu. Motto yasui no
wa arimasen ka.
This camera is too expensive. do you have
any cheaper ones?
この方が私が買ったのよりいい。
Kono hou ga watashi ga katta no yori ii.
This is better than the one I bought.
8. Used to make a nominal, or to change
preceding clause into a noun clause
(after dictionary, ta-, or nai-form of
verb/adjective)
漢字を覚えるのはとても難しいです。
Kanji o oboeru no wa totemo muzukashii desu.
Memorising Chinese characters is very
difficult.
タバコを吸うのをやめたいと思います。
Tabako o suu no o yametai to omoimasu.
I'd like to stop smoking.
書類を持ってくるのを忘れました。
Shorui o motte kuru no o wasuremashita.
I forgot to bring the papers.
蒸し暑いのは嫌ですね。
Mushiatsui no wa iya desu ne.
Humidity is unpleasant, isn't it?
彼が事故で亡くなったのは事実です。
Kare ga jiko de nakunatta no wa jijitsu desu.
It is true that he was killed in an
accident.
彼にそれができないのはおかしい。
Kare ni sore ga dekinai no wa okashii.
It is strange that he can't do that.
9.After subject in a relative clause
(may be replaced by ga)
彼女の作った料理はとても美味しいです。
Kanojo no tsukutta ryouri wa totemo oishii
desu.
the food she cooks is very delicious.
10. after object in a relative clause
コーヒーの欲しい人は言ってください。
Koohii no hoshii hito wa itte kudasai.
Those who want coffee speak up, please.
11.At the end of sentence ( with rising
intonation)
( usually used by women and children)
一緒に行きたくないの。
Isshoni ikutaku nai no.
Don't you want to go together?
-> see also ga (1), koto, mono, ni tsuite,
no desu, tokoro |
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