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(2023) ÈÇÓ×ÅÍÈÅ ßÇÛÊΠ| ßÇÛÊÈ ÂÎÑÒÎÊÀ | ßÏÎÍÑÊÈÉ III/388 |
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Languages Study | Languages of the East | Japanese III |
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| Grammar I - 09.01 | Grammar L3 - 005 | Menu - Grammar |
| Past Tense Short Forms |
| Verbs: replace て/で - te/de in te-forms with た/だ - ta/da |
| い-adjectives in affirmative and all categories in the negative: replace the final い - i with かった - katta |
| な-adjectives and noun+です in the affirmative: replace だ - da in the present tense short forms with だった - datta |
| two irregularities: | ||
| いく → いった |
to go - (he) went |
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| いい → よかった / よくなかった | good, well - was good / was not good | |
| Examples: | ||
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Informal Present |
Informal (short form) past tense affirmative: | |
| よんで | よむ → よんだ | to read - he read (was reading) |
| かわいい | かわいい → かわいかった | sweet, pretty - was pretty |
| しずか | しずか(な) → しずかだった |
peaceful - was peaceful |
| がくせいだ | がくせい → がくせいだった | student - was a student |
| Informal Negative Present | Informal (short form) past tense negative: | |
| よまない | よむ → よまなかった | to read - he not read (was not reading) |
| かわいくない | かわいい → かわいくなかった | sweet, pretty - was not pretty |
| しずか じゃ ない | しずか(な) → しずか じゃ なかった |
peaceful - was not peaceful |
| がくせい じゃ ない | がくせい → がくせい じゃ なかった | student - was not a student |
| Usage: | |
| た ta-form | In reported (quoted) speech. |
| スーさんは、 高校の 時 めがねを かけて いた と 言っていました。 |
Sue said that she wore (had worn) glasses in high school. |
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suu-san-wa |
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| 私は トムさんが やった と思います。 |
I think Tom did it. |
| watashi-wa, tomu-san-ga yatta to omoimasu. |
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| In casual conversations | |
| 晩御飯、食べた? | Have dinner yet? |
| bangohan, tabeta? | |
| うん、食べた。 | Uh-huh, I did. |
| un, tabeta. | |
| In reported speech, original utterance (tense) is preserved. | |
| 今、日本語を 勉強しています。 | Sue: "Today, I study Japanese." |
| ima, nihongo-o benkyoo-shite-imasu. | |
| スーさんは、 日本語を 勉強している と 言っていました。 |
Sue said that she was studying Japanese. "Sue-san |
| suu-san-wa, nihongo-o benkyoo-shite-iru to itte-imashita. |